BPSC-133 Unit -10 States in developed and developing countries, Notes available for IGNOU.

BPSC-133 COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OVERVIEW

BPSC-133 UNIT- 10 STATES IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (NOTES)

TOPICS :-

1. Introduction
2. What is states
3. The modern conception of state
4. Theorising the Developmental state
5. What are developed and developing countries ?
6. Nature of state in developed countries
7. Nature of state in developing countries
8. Changing nature of state

10.2 WHAT IS STATE :-

1). Liberals viewed state as organized social institution of community of men which stands above all organizations.

2). Marxists viewed state as a instrument of exploitation and domination of one class over another .

Every one has different opinions, some see in terms of morality, other as in institutionalized political power and some as a monopolistic organization, while for some, it is the enemy of men, and hindrance in their progress.

In standardized way, state is a compulsory political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly of legitmate use of force within a specific territory and more.

1. State and related terms :- State is seen synonymous with nation, country, government, nation-state etc.

STATE – It is a political concept in which country is independent and has a government.

COUNTRY – It is geographical representation

NATION – It carries a cultural- political connotation that refer to people bound by language, religion, race, culture etc.

NATION – STATE :- When national identity is attached to specific state. So, technically, it is only possible when all the people within the state are collectively bound within the state are collectively bound together by common. So, in strict term, there is hardly any such.

• Liberal and Marxist perspectives of the state.

10.3 THE MODERN CONCEPTION OF STATE :-

Machiavelli defined state as “the power which has authority over men”. It is the position of the ruler in regard to its subjects.

10.4 THEORISING THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATE :-

1. Conceptualizing the ides of development :- Here, development has two interpretations –

(a) It is exclusively understood in economic terms but less in political and government terms.

(b) Apart from economic growth and development, I include the presence of progressive political and social values.

                    Measurind development of a state requires adequate housing, access to education health care, life expectancy, adequate income, successful government policies, and more to measure quality of life.

10.5 WHAT ARE DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ?

There is no universal, criterion for what makes a country developed or developing. It is always argued that all states are developing because no society can afford to remain stagnant or stop developing unless it is decying. Still some factors to differentiate include countries GDP, per capital income, level of industrialization, infrastructure, living standard, etc.

According to UN, developing countries is one with a low standard of living under developed industrial base, and moderate to low human developing index. Vast majority of it do not enjoy access to education, healthcare, sanitation, portable water etc.

10.6 NATURE OF STATE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES :-

1. They are highly industralized and larger portion of economic activities remains under private ownerships.

2. It is ruled by perfecting ideological apparatus rather than force.

3. They have well- established democratic political institutions and stable government.

4. It favor capitalism

10.7 NATURE OF STATE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES :-

1. Its vast majority face problems of poverty, economic dependence, ethnic, religious or corruption, illiteracy inequalities etc.

2. Unable to protect their citizens interests  and low capacity in low enforcement and implementation of economic policies and programmes.

3. Limited ability to act despite immense expansion in its authority.

4. Have little faith in capacity of private enterprises and free market. They encourage the public sector and put massive restriction and regulation on private sector and inflow of foreign goods and technology through high tariffs. Eg – license raj in India times.

 10.8 CHANGING NATURE OF STATE :-

Sates around the world have forced the gole of globalization which led to transformation in their polity, economy and society. Trade rather than production became the driving force of economy with increased internationalized production and rapid advancement in high- quality technology. Free trade and free flow of finance and fre- market comes out, and as a result, MNCs has made significant presence. Role of IMF and world bank also increase. The opening of market compall to take different development trajectories known as the ‘Washington consensus’ to adjust I the changing situation. Though this was intended to help countries facing financial crisis, it impose harsh conditions on developing allowd global institutions to intervene in their economic affairs in all fields. This compelled the states to change not only their economic policies but also political, legal and institutional aspects. Therefore, the dynamics of globalization has strenghthened the rich at the expense of the poor countries.